Israel preserves 12 significant Crusader fortifications from the medieval period when European knights controlled the Holy Land. These stone castles and fortresses, built between the 11th and 13th centuries, stand across the country from coastal cities to inland valleys. Visitors can explore well-preserved sites including massive defensive walls, vaulted halls, and strategic battlements that reveal Crusader military architecture and their campaign to control pilgrimage routes to Jerusalem.
Israel’s landscapes hold remnants of one of history’s most dramatic chapters: the Crusades. Between 1099 and 1291 CE, European knights established and defended a network of formidable fortresses across the Holy Land. These crusader castles in Israel represent diverse architectural styles, from the massive concentric defenses of Belvoir to the sea-facing walls of Atlit. Each fortress tells a unique story of medieval warfare, religious fervor, and the clash between East and West. From the restored chambers of Acre’s Knights Hall to the remote ruins of Montfort Castle, these twelve sites offer visitors a compelling journey through two centuries of Crusader presence in the region.
Knights Hall in Acre
Acre’s ancient Mediterranean port served as the capital of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem from 1191 to 1291. The Knights Hospitaller constructed their massive headquarters complex here in the 12th and 13th centuries, creating one of the most impressive Crusader architectural achievements in the Holy Land. The complex houses several magnificent halls, including the Columns Hall, which functioned as the knights’ dining room and exemplifies the transition from Romanesque to Gothic architectural styles with its soaring ribbed vaults and massive stone pillars.
The Pillars Hall served dual purposes as a conference room for military planning and storage for weapons and supplies. Archaeological excavations have revealed an advanced sewage system, considered revolutionary for its era, demonstrating the knights’ sophisticated urban planning. The halls extend deep underground, with some chambers reaching depths of 8 meters below current street level.
What visitors can see today represents only a portion of the original complex. The Knights Hospitaller’s fortress included living quarters, chapels, workshops, and administrative offices, forming a self-contained city within the city. The complex remained functional until 1291, when Mamluk forces under Sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil captured Acre, ending nearly two centuries of Crusader rule.
Safed Citadel
The Knights Templar established this formidable fortress in 1140 atop Safed’s highest hill, controlling a crucial crossroads in the Upper Galilee. The citadel’s strategic position, 900 meters above sea level, provided unparalleled surveillance over ancient trade routes connecting Damascus to the Mediterranean coast. Its sophisticated defensive design featured three concentric walls with towers at regular intervals, creating overlapping fields of fire that made the fortress virtually impregnable during its heyday.
The fortress withstood Saladin’s initial assault in 1188, though it eventually fell after a prolonged siege. Historical records describe the citadel as housing up to 1,700 men during wartime, with extensive underground storage chambers and cisterns carved directly into the bedrock. The Templars maintained the site as a major administrative center, recent archaeological research surveys have revealed evidence of a sophisticated scriptorium where manuscripts were copied and illuminated.
The 1837 Galilee earthquake destroyed much of the medieval structure, but substantial ruins remain visible throughout Citadel Park. Visitors can trace the foundations of the great hall, explore remnants of the gatehouse complex, and climb to observation points that still command sweeping views across northern Israel, southern Lebanon, and the Golan Heights.
Château Pèlerin (Atlit Castle)
Construction of Château Pèlerin began in 1218 under the direction of the Knights Templar during the Fifth Crusade. Built on a narrow promontory jutting into the Mediterranean Sea, the fortress represented the pinnacle of Crusader military architecture. The site’s natural defenses were enhanced by massive artificial fortifications, including a land-facing wall 15 meters high and 6 meters thick, punctuated by three enormous rectangular towers.
The fortress could accommodate 4,000 troops during siege conditions, supplied by underground cisterns, extensive storage facilities, and a protected harbor. The Templars established their main treasury here, moving significant assets from their previous headquarters in Jerusalem. The castle served as a crucial naval base, controlling maritime approaches to the Crusader territories until the very end of Christian presence in the Holy Land.
Château Pèlerin holds the distinction of being the last major Crusader stronghold to fall, capitulating to Mamluk forces in August 1291, just three months after the fall of Acre. Unlike most Crusader fortifications, which were systematically demolished, Atlit remained largely intact for centuries. The 1837 earthquake damaged some structures, but the impressive towers and walls survived until modern times.
Montfort Castle
Perched on a narrow limestone ridge within the Nahal Kziv nature reserve, Montfort Castle represents the northernmost Crusader fortress in the Holy Land. The Teutonic Knights purchased this remote site from French nobles in 1229, transforming it into their primary headquarters and administrative center outside of Europe. Unlike most Crusader fortifications designed primarily for military defense, Montfort served as the order’s archives, treasury, and bureaucratic hub.
The fortress name translates to “strong mountain,” reflecting its seemingly impregnable position 300 meters above the surrounding valleys. The Teutonic Knights constructed their stronghold with characteristic German engineering precision, evident in the castle’s elongated central hall and sophisticated masonry techniques. The two-story main structure, built of finely cut limestone blocks, demonstrates the order’s commitment to permanent establishment in the region.
Archaeological investigations have revealed the castle’s unique non-military origins through its architectural features. The great hall contained administrative offices, a scriptorium for document copying, and secure vaults for the order’s extensive financial records. Despite its civilian purpose, Montfort faced multiple sieges before falling to Mamluk forces in 1271, twenty years before the final Crusader expulsion.
The fortress ruins remain among the most atmospheric of all Crusader sites in Israel. The intact keep walls rise dramatically from the ridge, while carved stone details include Franciscan sanctuaries in the Holy Land symbols and heraldic designs. A challenging hiking trail through the nature reserve approaches the castle from below, offering spectacular views of the Upper Galilee landscape.
Nimrod Fortress
Rising from the slopes of Mount Hermon at 800 meters elevation, Nimrod Fortress represents the largest and most complex medieval fortification in Israel. Known to Arab chroniclers as “Qal’at al-Subeiba,” this massive stronghold began as an Ayyubid fortress around 1228 but incorporated significant Crusader architectural elements during the 13th century. The site changed hands multiple times between Crusader, Ayyubid, and Mamluk forces, each adding defensive innovations.
The fortress extends 420 meters along a steep ridge, protected by massive walls up to 6 meters thick and towers reaching 20 meters in height. Its most remarkable feature is the enormous central keep, accessible through a hidden entrance tunnel carved through solid rock. The tunnel, known as the “secret passage,” demonstrates medieval military engineering at its finest, featuring multiple defensive positions and a complex ventilation system.
Visitors exploring Nimrod Fortress encounter architectural elements from different periods. Crusader-built sections display characteristic masonry techniques with carefully fitted ashlar stones and pointed arches. The fortress’s water supply system includes multiple cisterns and an ingenious collection network that channeled rainwater from the vast roof areas. Arabic inscriptions throughout the complex record construction phases and commemorate various commanders.
The fortress commands spectacular panoramic views extending from the Mediterranean Sea to the Jordan Valley, encompassing much of northern Israel, southern Lebanon, and the Golan Heights. This strategic position made Nimrod crucial for monitoring and controlling movement between Damascus and the coastal Crusader territories.
Read our complete article about Nimrod Fortress
Belvoir Castle
Belvoir Fortress commands the Jordan Valley from its strategic perch 500 meters above the river, earning its French name meaning “beautiful view.” The Knights Hospitaller constructed this masterpiece of concentric castle design between 1168 and 1189, creating one of the most sophisticated defensive complexes in the medieval world. The fortress protected the vital Jordan River crossing at Jisr al-Majami, controlling access between the Crusader territories and the Muslim lands beyond.
The castle’s innovative design featured two complete defensive circuits. The outer walls enclosed a rectangular area with towers at each corner and midpoint, while the inner citadel formed a perfect square with its own towers and keep. Between these walls lay a dry moat carved from solid rock, creating an additional barrier against siege engines. This concentric layout represented cutting-edge military architecture, later copied at castles throughout Europe.
Archaeological excavations have revealed the fortress’s sophisticated infrastructure. Underground cisterns collected and stored rainwater, while extensive storage chambers held supplies for prolonged sieges. The great hall could accommodate the entire garrison for meals and assemblies, with private chambers for the knights and dormitories for sergeants and servants. A chapel provided for the spiritual needs of the military-religious community.
Saladin’s forces besieged Belvoir for 18 months before its fall in January 1189. Recognizing the fortress’s strategic importance, the Muslim commander initially left the defenses intact and garrisoned the site. However, following the Third Crusade and renewed Crusader threats, Saladin ordered systematic demolition of the fortifications to prevent their reuse.
The ruins visible today, managed by the Israel Nature and Parks Authority, preserve Belvoir’s essential layout. Visitors can walk the perimeter walls, explore the inner citadel, and descend into the rock-cut moat. Information panels explain the castle’s construction techniques and daily life of its medieval inhabitants.
Read complete article about the Belvoir Castle
The Crusader Fortress at Apollonia (Arsuf)
Baldwin I captured the ancient coastal city of Apollonia in 1101, establishing Crusader control over this strategic Mediterranean port. The site, known as Arsuf during the Crusader period, became a crucial stronghold protecting the vulnerable coastal road between Jaffa and Acre. The Knights Hospitaller assumed control in 1241 and immediately began constructing one of the most formidable coastal fortresses in the Holy Land.
The fortress design took advantage of Apollonia’s natural clifftop position, rising 40 meters directly above the Mediterranean. The Hospitallers created a triple defensive system: an outer wall with semi-circular towers facing landward threats, a middle fortification with additional towers and the main gatehouse, and an inner keep overlooking the sea. A deep moat, carved through solid sandstone, separated the fortress from the mainland approach.
Archaeological excavations have uncovered the fortress’s sophisticated facilities. The great hall measured 30 by 15 meters, supported by massive stone pillars and lit by large windows facing the sea. Storage chambers held grain, weapons, and siege supplies, while underground cisterns provided water during prolonged attacks. A protected stairway descended the cliff face to a small harbor where supply ships could dock even during enemy sieges.
Baibars arrived at Apollonia in March 1265 with siege engines and a large army. After a 40-day siege, Mamluk forces breached the outer walls and forced the garrison’s surrender. Following established practice, Baibars ordered complete demolition of the fortress to prevent future Crusader reoccupation. The systematic destruction left only foundations and lower wall sections.
Apollonia National Park preserves the fortress ruins within a beautiful coastal setting. Visitors can explore the moat, climb remaining wall sections, and follow nature trails along the Mediterranean cliffs. The park also protects important archaeological remains from Roman and Byzantine periods, creating a complete historical landscape.
Antipatris (Tel Afek)
Herod the Great established Antipatris around 9 BCE at the headwaters of the Yarkon River, naming it for his father Antipater. This strategic location controlled the narrow passage between the Samarian hills and Mediterranean coastal plain, forcing all traffic along the ancient Via Maris to pass through this natural bottleneck. The abundant springs provided fresh water year-round, supporting a substantial urban population.
During the Crusader period, the site was known as “Surdi Fontes” or “Silent Springs,” reflecting perhaps a decline in the springs’ flow or local toponymic evolution. Baldwin I recognized the location’s strategic value and established a Crusader stronghold here around 1110, building upon the Roman and Byzantine foundations. The fortress protected the vital road connecting the port of Jaffa to the inland Crusader territories and .
Archaeological excavations at Tel Afek have revealed substantial Crusader construction phases. The knights built a rectangular fortress with corner towers, utilizing many stones from earlier Roman and Byzantine structures. Evidence suggests the site housed a significant garrison with facilities including a chapel, storerooms, and living quarters. The fortress remained active throughout the 12th century until Saladin’s conquests disrupted Crusader control of central Palestine.
The Crusader fortress demonstrates typical period construction techniques: thick walls built with a core of rubble and mortar faced with dressed stone blocks. Architectural fragments scattered throughout the site include carved capitals, decorative moldings, and stone crosses, indicating sophisticated building programs. The fortress layout integrated natural defensive features with artificial fortifications, creating a formidable stronghold.
Migdal Tzedek (Mirabel)
The Crusaders established Mirabel around 1140 to guard the approaches to Jerusalem from the coastal plain. Built on an ancient tell 20 kilometers northeast of contemporary Tel Aviv, the fortress commanded the road from Jaffa through the Ayalon Valley toward the Judean hills. Its Hebrew name, Migdal Tzedek, meaning “Tower of Justice,” may reflect later Jewish settlement or administrative functions.
The Knights Hospitaller constructed Mirabel as a substantial rectangular fortress with massive walls and corner towers. The central keep, built of local limestone, rose three stories and contained the garrison commander’s quarters, chapel, and administrative offices. Archaeological surveys have identified remains of the great hall, storage chambers, and an impressive gatehouse complex with multiple defensive features.
Mirabel played a crucial role during the crisis preceding the Battle of Hattin in 1187. As Saladin advanced toward the Crusader heartland, the fortress served as a rallying point and supply depot for Christian forces. Following the catastrophic defeat at Hattin, Saladin’s army captured Mirabel along with most other Crusader strongholds, ending its brief but significant military career.
Subsequent Muslim rulers, including the Mamluks and Ottomans, maintained fortifications at the site due to its continued strategic importance. Ottoman administrators added new structures and modified existing walls, creating the complex archaeological landscape visible today. The site demonstrates how successful medieval fortresses evolved through multiple historical periods rather than being abandoned after their original builders’ defeat.
Antipatris (Tel Afek)
Herod the Great established Antipatris around 9 BCE at the headwaters of the Yarkon River, naming it for his father Antipater. This strategic location controlled the narrow passage between the Samarian hills and Mediterranean coastal plain, forcing all traffic along the ancient Via Maris to pass through this natural bottleneck. The abundant springs provided fresh water year-round, supporting a substantial urban population.
During the Crusader period, the site was known as “Surdi Fontes” or “Silent Springs,” reflecting perhaps a decline in the springs’ flow or local toponymic evolution. Baldwin I recognized the location’s strategic value and established a Crusader stronghold here around 1110, building upon the Roman and Byzantine foundations. The fortress protected the vital road connecting the port of Jaffa to the inland Crusader territories.
Archaeological excavations at Tel Afek have revealed substantial Crusader construction phases. The knights built a rectangular fortress with corner towers, utilizing many stones from earlier Roman and Byzantine structures. Evidence suggests the site housed a significant garrison with facilities including a chapel, storerooms, and living quarters. The fortress remained active throughout the 12th century until Saladin’s conquests disrupted Crusader control of central Palestine.
The Crusader Church in Ramla
The Cathedral of St. John the Baptist in Ramla represents one of the most remarkably preserved examples of Crusader church architecture in Israel. Constructed during the mid-12th century, this impressive basilica served the Latin Christian community in what had become an important administrative center of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. The building demonstrates the sophisticated architectural knowledge that European master builders brought to the Holy Land.
Following the Mamluk conquest of Ramla in 1266, Sultan Baibars ordered the cathedral’s conversion into the Great Mosque in 1268. The transformation required minimal structural changes: a mihrab (prayer niche) was inserted into the southern wall to orient prayers toward Mecca, and a wooden minbar (pulpit) was installed for the imam’s sermons. The former apse became a prayer alcove, while the nave continued to serve as the main prayer hall. In 1318, authorities added a minaret to complete the mosque’s Islamic identity.
Al-Omari Mosque, as it became known, demonstrates the architectural continuity between Christian and Islamic sacred spaces. The building’s Gothic arches and stone masonry remain unchanged, creating a unique synthesis of Western medieval and Middle Eastern religious architecture. Israel Antiquities Authority excavations studies have revealed details of the original church construction beneath layers of Islamic modification.
Church of the Resurrection Abu Gosh
The Knights Hospitaller constructed the Church of the Resurrection in Abu Gosh around 1140, creating one of the finest examples of Crusader architecture surviving in the Holy Land. Built on the foundations of a Roman water reservoir and an Abbasid-period caravansarai, the church demonstrates how Crusader builders adapted existing structures to serve Christian worship. The site’s historical association with the biblical town of Emmaus made it particularly significant for medieval pilgrims.
The church’s greatest treasures are its remarkable 12th-century frescoes, among the best-preserved Crusader wall paintings in existence. Created around 1170 by unknown artists, these paintings cover extensive wall surfaces with scenes from Christian iconography. The frescoes demonstrate sophisticated artistic techniques and European stylistic influences adapted to local conditions and materials. Pigments have survived eight centuries due to the building’s excellent preservation and relatively stable environmental conditions.
Following Saladin’s conquest of the region, the church remarkably escaped destruction, unlike many other Crusader religious sites. Local Muslim communities apparently respected the building’s sacred character, allowing it to remain substantially intact through centuries of changing political control. French Benedictine monks acquired the site in 1899 and began careful restoration work that continues today.
Tower of David
The Tower of David, known as the Citadel of Jerusalem, occupies one of the city’s highest strategic points near the Jaffa Gate. Although the visible fortress dates primarily to Mamluk and Ottoman construction, significant Crusader foundations and structures lie embedded within the complex. The Crusaders extensively fortified this ancient site during their occupation of Jerusalem from 1099 to 1187, recognizing its crucial importance for controlling the city’s western approaches.
Crusader-period walls, towers, and gates can be identified by their characteristic building techniques: carefully fitted ashlar stones with distinctive marginal drafting, pointed arches, and robust corner towers designed to withstand siege engines.
The Tower of David Museum, housed within the citadel, presents Jerusalem’s complete historical narrative including extensive coverage of the Crusader period. Interactive displays, archaeological artifacts, and multimedia presentations explain the fortress’s medieval role and the broader context of Christian rule in Jerusalem. The museum’s night spectacular projects images onto the ancient walls, bringing the Crusader period to vivid life.
The Tomb of the Virgin Mary in Jerusalem
The Crusader Church of the Assumption, built over the traditional site of Mary’s Tomb, represented one of the most ambitious ecclesiastical projects of the 12th century. Located in the Kidron Valley just north of Gethsemane, the church consisted of two levels: an upper church constructed over Byzantine ruins, and the preserved lower church containing the venerated tomb chamber. The Crusaders began construction around 1130, creating a magnificent structure that accommodated thousands of pilgrims during major feast days.
The upper church featured a circular plan with massive stone pillars supporting a domed roof, following Byzantine architectural precedents but incorporating Romanesque and early Gothic elements. The building measured approximately 50 meters in diameter, making it one of the largest round churches in the medieval world. Elaborate portals, carved capitals, and decorative stonework demonstrated the finest Crusader craftsmanship, while multiple altars served different liturgical needs of the international pilgrim community.
The entry to the tomb is through a wide descending staircase, which is a notable feature of the Crusader construction. The staircase, part of the Crusader renovations, leads to the crypt where Mary’s body is believed to have been laid. This crypt is designed in a cruciform shape with uneven arms, adding to its unique architectural layout.
The Crusader Church of Saint Anne in Jerusalem
St. Anne’s Church, located near the Lions’ Gate in the Muslim Quarter of Jerusalem, is one of the best-preserved Crusader churches in the city. Built between 1131 and 1138 during the reign of Queen Melisende, the church stands on the site traditionally believed to be the birthplace of the Virgin Mary, the mother of Jesus. This location was chosen because of its proximity to the Pools of Bethesda, where, according to the Gospel of John, Jesus healed a paralytic.
The church is a splendid example of Romanesque architecture, featuring strong lines, thick walls, and a basilica layout with three aisles, cross-vaulted ceilings, and a somewhat austere interior. The asymmetry in its design, such as mismatched columns and differently sized windows, adds to its unique charm. The high altar, crafted by the French sculptor Philippe Kaeppelin, depicts various scenes from the life of the Virgin Mary.
Unlike many other Crusader structures, Saint Anne’s Church was not destroyed after the Muslim conquest of Jerusalem in 1187. Instead, Saladin converted it into a madrasa (Islamic school) known as Al-Madrasa As-Salahiyya. This adaptation is still commemorated by an Arabic inscription above the main entrance.
Today, the Church of Saint Anne is administered by the White Fathers, a Catholic missionary order. It is renowned for its exceptional acoustics, making it a popular destination for pilgrims and choirs.
Read more about St. Anne’s Church
The Room of the Last Supper in Jerusalem
The Cenacle, also known as the Upper Room, is traditionally held to be the site of the Last Supper. Located on Mount Zion in Jerusalem, just outside the medieval Old City walls, this room has undergone numerous cycles of destruction and reconstruction, culminating in the structure that stands today. Here’s what can be found from the time of the Crusaders:
The current building that houses the Cenacle is of medieval date. This means that while the site itself is ancient and associated with the Last Supper, the actual structure that visitors see today has its origins in the medieval period, which includes the time of the Crusaders.
The building’s foundation is a remnant of Hagia Zion, a church that existed during the Crusader period. This foundational element is a testament to the various religious structures that have occupied this site over the centuries.
The Cenacle stands tall on Mount Zion, nesting above what is traditionally considered David’s tomb. This location is significant because the only specific information we have from the Last Supper accounts is that Jesus and his apostles secured a large furnished space, the upper room of an unnamed householder in Jerusalem.
The building has experienced numerous cycles of destruction and reconstruction, with the current structure being of medieval origin, which aligns with the time of the Crusaders.
The general location of the Cenacle is also associated with the house where the Virgin Mary lived among the apostles until her death or dormition, an event celebrated in the nearby Church of the Dormition.
Pilgrims have reported visiting a structure on Mount Zion commemorating the Last Supper since the 4th century AD. Some scholars believe that this was the Cenacle, which might have been a synagogue from an earlier time. The building’s foundation is a remnant of Hagia Zion, which was originally built as a church and later repurposed during the Crusader period.
The “Tomb of King David” is located on the lower level of the same building. This niche is traditionally associated with the burial site of King David, marked by a large cenotaph-sarcophagus first reported by 12th-century Crusaders.
The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem
The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, located in the Christian Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem, is considered the holiest site for Christians. It has been a significant pilgrimage destination since the 4th century. Over the centuries, the church has undergone several major phases of construction and renovation. Here are some of the structures and features from the time of the Crusaders that can be found in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre:
Crusader Renovation: The church underwent significant changes during the reign of the Crusader kings in the 12th century. This renovation has largely stood the test of time and is what visitors predominantly see today.
Crusader Campanile (bell tower): This bell tower was constructed during the Crusader period and is a prominent feature of the church.
Crusader Patriarchate: This was the seat of the Roman Catholic patriarch during the Crusader period.
Ruins of the Crusader Arcade: Remnants of an arcade built during the Crusader era can still be seen.
Chapel of the Franks (10th Station of the Cross): This chapel is associated with the Crusader period.
Greek Calvary (12th–13th Stations of the Cross): This area of the church, associated with the final stations of the Cross, has elements from the Crusader period.
Latin Calvary (11th Station of the Cross): Another area associated with the Crucifixion and the Crusader era.
Chapel of the Angels, Chapel of St. Michael, Chapel of St. Mary of Egypt, Chapel of St. Thecla, Chapel of St. James the Less, Chapel of Forty Martyrs, Chapel of St. Helena, and several others: These chapels within the church complex have elements or were influenced by the Crusader period.
The Church of the Holy Sepulchre is a complex structure with a rich history, and the Crusader period left a significant mark on its architecture and layout. The Crusaders made substantial changes to the church, many of which are still visible and form an integral part of the church’s character today.
Additional Information
Which is the best-preserved Crusader castle to visit in Israel?
The Knights’ Hall in Acre (Akko) is widely considered the best-preserved Crusader site. Visitors can explore massive underground halls, dining rooms, and advanced medieval sewage systems that remained intact for centuries beneath the modern city. The Church of Saint Anne in Jerusalem is also remarkably well-preserved, having survived the Mamluk conquest nearly perfectly.
What is the largest Crusader fortress in Israel?
Nimrod Fortress, located on the slopes of Mount Hermon, is the largest medieval castle in the region. While it incorporates significant Ayyubid and Mamluk construction, its scale and strategic position overlooking the Golan Heights make it a premier example of 13th-century military engineering.
Why were Crusader castles in Israel built with concentric walls?
Castles like Belvoir utilized a “concentric” design—a castle within a castle—to provide multiple layers of defense. This innovative architecture allowed defenders to retreat to an inner citadel if the outer walls were breached. This style was so effective it was later copied by military architects throughout Europe.
Are there any Crusader ruins located near Tel Aviv?
Yes, Apollonia National Park (Arsuf) is located just north of Tel Aviv in Herzliya. It features a clifftop Crusader fortress with a dramatic view of the Mediterranean. Additionally, Antipatris (Tel Afek) and Migdal Tzedek (Mirabel) are located within a short drive of the Tel Aviv metropolitan area.
How did the Crusaders influence the architecture of Jerusalem?
The Crusaders left a significant mark on Jerusalem’s most holy sites. The current structure of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre is largely the result of a 12th-century Crusader renovation. They also built St. Anne’s Church, the Church of the Resurrection in Abu Gosh, and established the foundations of the Tower of David citadel.
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